Geographic Range: Never as popular as the contemporary Greek Revival or Italianate styles for domestic architecture, most surviving examples exist in northeastern states where architects first popularized the style. Meeting House Hill Firehouse in the Dorchester section of Boston has a mansard roof characteristic of Second Empire architecture. Second Empire townhouses were particularly popular in urban areas where the mansard roof provided a full upper story of usable attic living space. A design philosophy, this movement sought to break free from the rigid geometric nature of classicism and to create naturalistic and relaxed designed landscapes and homes. The Second Empire (or French Second Empire) style was considered to be the modern fashion of the late nineteenth century, mimicking the latest French building styles. The first Italianate houses in the United States were constructed in the late 1830s, popularized by the pattern books of Andrew Jackson Downing similar to the Gothic Revival discussed above. Scattered examples were constructed in all regions of the country though few vernacular examples exist. Ornate cast-iron cresting at roof ridges and tower, Asymmetrical two or three-storied form with emphasis on vertical, Complex gable roofs, usually steeply pitched with cross gables and overhanging eaves, Wooden wall cladding (either clapboards or board-and-batten siding) interrupted by patterns of horizontal, vertical, or diagonal boards (stick work) raised from the wall surface for emphasis and meant to represent the underlying framework, Extensive porches and verandas; porches plainly trimmed but commonly have diagonal or curved braces, Large 1:1 or 2:2 windows; frequently paired; fit within patterns created by stick work, Towers and projecting pavilions with decorative trusses and stick work, Asymmetrical two or three-storied, multifaceted form, Complex intersecting gabled or hipped roofs, Bay windows, often cut away from upper stories, Extensive porches and verandas with turned porch posts and balustrade spindles, Multitude of applied features such as brackets, roof cresting, and ornamental chimneys, Mixing of stylistic details from various architectural styles including reinterpreted classical forms, Textured wall patterns including decorative shingles typical, Lacy ornamentation around porch entries and at gable ends common, Large 1:1 windows; upper panes often edged with leaded or colored glass, Usually wood-framed; sometimes first story of brick or stone masonry with wood frame above, Wall cladding and roofing of continuous wood shingles; masonry first story with shingles above also common, Two or three-storied; asymmetrical façade, form and floor plan, Irregular roof line; hipped, gable, or gambrel; intersecting cross gables and multi-level eaves common, Shingled walls continue without interruption; no corner boards, Decorative detailing used sparingly; Palladian windows and simple classical columns most common details, Porch posts simple wood elements or massive piers of stone or clad in shingles, Large simply adorned windows with small panes; bands of windows common, Bay windows common; multiple window arches common, Rounded turrets and towers; often partial or half-towers integrated into the main volume of the house, Accentuated front door with decorative pediment supported by pilasters or extended forward and supported by slender columns to form entry porch, Fanlights and sidelights common; Palladian windows common, Façade symmetry; centered door; aligned windows, Double-hung sash windows usually with multi-pane glazing; frequently in adjacent pairs; multi-pane upper sash with single pane lower sash and bay windows (not historically accurate) were popular, One-story wings, usually with a flat roof and commonly embellished with a balustrade, Broken pediments, rare on original colonial structures popular in Colonial Revival examples, Door surrounds tend to be shallow (less deep) than originals and exhibit machine-planed smoothness, Dormers, often with exaggerated, eclectic pediments, Masonry cladding grew in popularity as technology for using brick or stone veneer improved after 1920, Details tend to be exaggerated with larger proportions than original elements, Details from two or more types of Colonial styles often combined so pure replicas of a particular style are far less common than eclectic mixtures, Interior floor plans are not symmetrical and are more open than historic examples. Selection Screen. These men would go on to form the well-known firm of McKim, Mead & White a year later. It also adapted gambrel roofs, lean-to additions, classical columns, and Palladian windows from the Colonial Revival movement and Syrian arches and the use of stone at the ground story from the concurrent Richardsonian Romanesque style. All three were inspired by the building traditions of Medieval English half-timbered construction with its visible structural elements, steeply pitched roofs, and projecting gables. It was also unsuitable to dense urban areas because of its typically expansive floor plan and wood construction. The splendid major historic homes in Auburn of the 19th and early 20th century — from Federal, Greek Revival and Gothic Revival through Italianate, Second Empire, Queen Anne and Colonial It is likely that many original examples are now obscured, as their characteristic wall patterns and detailing, susceptible to deterioration, have been removed rather than repaired or replaced. These factors led to a flowering of what is now known as Greek Revival architecture. Building numbers and street names may have changed over time. In New England, colonists departed from traditional European wattle and daub (woven lattice of wooden strips covered with a material made with some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung, and straw), constructing wood-frame homes covered with weatherboard, clapboard, or shingles. During the 1880s the Stick Style was rapidly replaced by the related Queen Anne movement, which was both more widespread and influential. In addition, guides for carpenter builders by Asher Benjamin and Minard Lafever made the style widely available for imitation. Americans put their own twist on the Gothic style, using details such as pointed arches on light wood-framed construction in a variation that is known as Carpenter Gothic.
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