Uncombined elements have an oxidation state of 0. Polygermanes—compounds that are similar to alkanes—with formula GenH2n+2 containing up to five germanium atoms are known. [78] The high brilliance of this polyester is especially favored for PET bottles marketed in Japan. Pure germanium is a semiconductor with an appearance similar to elemental silicon. Electron affinity The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. The percentage of a commodity which is recycled. Welcome to "A Visual Interpretation of The Table of Elements", the most striking version of the periodic table on the web. This is partly a matter of availability - as silicon in the primary constituent of sand, there's plenty out there, where germanium has to be mined at considerable expense. Winkler was able to isolate the new element in 1886 and found it similar to antimony. The oxidation number of #"O"# in compounds is usually -2, but it is -1 in peroxides.. Specific heat capacity is the amount of energy needed to change the temperature of a kilogram of a substance by 1 K. A measure of the stiffness of a substance. [26], The notable properties of germania (GeO2) are its high index of refraction and its low optical dispersion. [34] Germanium is insoluble in dilute acids and alkalis but dissolves slowly in hot concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids and reacts violently with molten alkalis to produce germanates ([GeO3]2−). Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. [43], Germane (GeH4) is a compound similar in structure to methane. This was a triumph for Dmitri Mendeleev in his construction of the periodic table. [26], Solar panels are a major use of germanium. After neutralization, only the zinc stays in solution while germanium and other metals precipitate. The energy released when an electron is added to the neutral atom and a negative ion is formed. [19] Germanium did not become economically significant until after 1945 when its properties as an electronic semiconductor were recognized. Germanium was discovered by Clemens A. Winkler at Freiberg, Germany, in 1886. The percentage of the world reserves located in the country with the largest reserves. Some complex organic germanium compounds are being investigated as possible pharmaceuticals, though none have yet proven successful. The least stable is 60Ge, with a half-life of 30 ms. Germanium dioxide can be used as a catalyst in the production of the PET plastic used in many bottles, though it is rarely employed for this in Europe and the US. Monoatomic Ions Oxidation Numbers. This might be attributed to larger open space of the Ge(100) surface than that of the Ge(111) surface. Germanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ge and atomic number 32. Another source of germanium is fly ash of power plants fueled from coal deposits that contain germanium. Assign an oxidation number of -2 to oxygen (with exceptions). 2 Answers. [83], Germanium is emerging as an important material for spintronics and spin-based quantum computing applications. [80] Germanium is useful for monochromators for beamlines used in single crystal neutron scattering and synchrotron X-ray diffraction. In compounds of germanium (where known), the most common oxidation numbers of germanium are: 4, 2, and -4 . ox # of Ge is +2. [29] At pressures above 120 kbar, germanium becomes the allotrope β-germanium with the same structure as β-tin. Each allotrope has different physical properties. The mass of an atom relative to that of carbon-12. Relevance. And we'll hear why with Peter Wothers on next week's Chemistry in its Element. Unlike many of the basic elements, there aren't many germanium compounds that have found a use. For example, germanium tetrachloride, GeCl4, is obtained as a colorless fuming liquid boiling at 83.1 °C by heating the metal with chlorine. [23] These end uses represented 85% of worldwide germanium consumption in 2000. It's like a one way flow valve in a water pipe - electrons can flow from the heater to the anode, but not the other way round. [48], Germanium is created by stellar nucleosynthesis, mostly by the s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars.
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