The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September 1666. 330 acres is the size of the area within the Roman wall, according to standard reference works (see, for instance, Sheppard, 37), although Tinniswood gives that area as a square mile (667 acres). The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall. Although the Great Fire was a catastrophe, it did cleanse the city. In the early hours of the morning of Sunday, September 2, fire broke out in Thomas Farriner’s bakery in Pudding Lane. The fears of the homeless focused on the French and Dutch, England's enemies in the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War; these substantial immigrant groups became victims of lynchings and street violence. It threatened but did not reach the City of Westminster (today's West End), Charles II's Palace of Whitehall, or most of the suburban slums. Son of a famed and sexually ruthless novelist, Leith begins to resist his own self-sufficiency, nurtured by war. The year is 1947. The damage was so profound that few people believed the city could ever rise again. Pepys took a coach back into the city from Whitehall, but reached only St Paul's Cathedral before he had to get out and walk. Oh, the miserable and calamitous spectacle!"[47]. [16] The only major stone-built area was the wealthy centre of the City, where the mansions of the merchants and brokers stood on spacious lots, surrounded by an inner ring of overcrowded poorer parishes whose every inch of building space was used to accommodate the rapidly growing population. Foreigners were immediately suspects because of the ongoing Second Anglo-Dutch War. [40], Pepys found Bloodworth trying to coordinate the fire-fighting efforts and near to collapse, "like a fainting woman", crying out plaintively in response to the King's message that he was pulling down houses: "But the fire overtakes us faster than we can do it." The City was surrounded by a ring of inner suburbs where most Londoners lived. It had been crammed full of rescued goods and its crypt filled with the tightly packed stocks of the printers and booksellers in adjoining Paternoster Row. The Great Charleston Fire of 1861 February 10, 2014 On the evening of December 11, 1861, as a cold front bearing high winds swept into Charleston from the northeast, a fire started near the intersection of East Bay and Hasell Streets, about where Harris-Teeter is now located. Tuesday, 4 September was the day of greatest destruction. [38] After the City had been destroyed, Samuel Pepys looked back on the events and wrote in his diary on 7 September 1666: "People do all the world over cry out of the simplicity [the stupidity] of my Lord Mayor in general; and more particularly in this business of the fire, laying it all upon him. The fire, the most famous in American history, claimed about 300 lives, destroyed some 17,450 buildings covering almost 3.5 square miles (9 square km), and caused $200 million in damage. [20] There were fears that the flames would cross London Bridge to threaten the borough of Southwark on the south bank, but this danger was averted by an open space between buildings on the bridge which acted as a firebreak.[21]. A monument was erected in Pudding Lane on the spot where the fire began and can be seen today, … A monument was erected in Pudding Lane on the spot where the fire began and can be seen today, where it is a reminder of those terrible days in September 1666. [31], A fire broke out at Thomas Farriner's bakery in Pudding Lane[c] a little after midnight on Sunday 2 September. ", Pepys ascended the Tower of London on Sunday morning to view the fire from a turret. Fires were quite a common occurrence in those days and were soon quelled. Just as the city was recovering from the Great Plague, the inhabitants had to flee the city once again – this time not as a result of a disease, but the result of as human accident. Great Fire of London, (September 2–5, 1666), the worst fire in London ’s history. Some moved their belongings and themselves "four and five times" in a single day. [36] The neighbours tried to help douse the fire; after an hour, the parish constables arrived and judged that the adjoining houses had better be demolished to prevent further spread. Even though many of the buildings in the fire's path were made of stone or brick, most of them had wooden signs, windows, or other wooden features, which caught fire. The chaos at the gates was such that the magistrates briefly ordered the gates shut, in the hope of turning the inhabitants' attention from safeguarding their own possessions to fighting the fire: "that, no hopes of saving any things left, they might have more desperately endeavoured the quenching of the fire. The moving human mass and their bundles and carts made the lanes impassable for firemen and carriages. [17] In 1661, Charles II issued a proclamation forbidding overhanging windows and jetties, but this was largely ignored by the local government. By the time large-scale demolitions were ordered on Sunday night, the wind had already fanned the bakery fire into a firestorm which defeated such measures. The fears of terrorism received an extra boost from the disruption of communications and news. He went by coach to Southwark on Monday, joining many other upper-class people, to see the view which Pepys had seen the day before of the burning City across the river. The Destroyer. Hanson (2001), 77–80. It destroyed a large part of the City of London, including most of the civic buildings, old St. Paul’s Cathedral, 87 parish churches, and about 13,000 houses. Pudding Lane was a narrow street of wooden houses crowded together, many leaning out toward each other. [52] In this state of emergency, the King put his brother James, Duke of York, in charge of operations. It is estimated to have destroyed the … [32] They had to be brought a long way, tended to arrive too late, and had limited reach, with spouts but no delivery hoses. This was done with hooked poles, but to no avail as the fire outstripped them! The fire started in a bakery shortly after midnight on Sunday, 2 September, and spread rapidly. James and his life guards rode up and down the streets all Monday, rescuing foreigners from the mob and attempting to keep order. The battle to put out the fire is considered to have been won by two key factors: the strong east wind dropped, and the Tower of London garrison used gunpowder to create effective firebreaks, halting further spread eastward. A firehook was a heavy pole perhaps 30 feet (9 m) long with a strong hook and ring at one end, which would be attached to the roof trees of a threatened house and operated by means of ropes and pulleys to pull down the building. The following Sunday, rain fell over the city, extinguishing the fire. Food production and distribution had been disrupted to the point of non-existence; Charles announced that supplies of bread would be brought into the City every day, and markets set up round the perimeter. Documentary which examines the great fire of London in 1666.All cuts and edits made because of copyright infringment of music. It destroyed 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, St Paul's Cathedral, and most of the buildings of the City authorities. The inhabitants, especially the upper class, were growing desperate to remove their belongings from the City. He noted that the price of bread had doubled in the environs of the park. ISBN 9780312423582 Farrar, Straus and Giroux . It was the second tragedy to hit the city in the space of 12 months. "[61], The material destruction has been computed at 13,500 houses, 87 parish churches, 44 Company Halls, the Royal Exchange, the Custom House, St Paul's Cathedral, the Bridewell Palace and other City prisons, the General Letter Office, and the three western city gates—Ludgate, Newgate, and Aldersgate. There were many separate fires still burning themselves out, but the Great Fire was over. "Bludworth's failure of nerve was crucial" (Tinniswood, 52). The section "Monday" is based on Tinniswood, 58–74, unless otherwise indicated. This historic royal palace was completely consumed, burning all night.[54]. [60], Hanson takes issue with the idea that there were only a few deaths, enumerating known deaths from hunger and exposure among survivors of the fire, "huddled in shacks or living among the ruins that had once been their homes" in the cold winter that followed, including, for instance, dramatist James Shirley and his wife. By the time that Charles took over command from the ineffectual Lord Mayor, the fire was already out of control.[14][12]. This drastic method of creating firebreaks was increasingly used towards the end of the Great Fire, and modern historians believe that it was what finally won the struggle. Wealthy people preferred to live at a convenient distance from the traffic-clogged, polluted, unhealthy City, especially after it was hit by a devastating outbreak of bubonic plague in the Plague Year of 1665. Once the riverfront was on fire and the escape route cut off by boat, the only exits were the eight gates in the wall. The inscription remained until after the passage of the Roman Catholic Relief Act 1829 when it was removed in 1830 following a successful campaign by City Solicitor Charles Pearson. They would remove what they could carry of their belongings to the nearest "safe house", in many cases the parish church or the precincts of St Paul's Cathedral, only to have to move again hours later. The family was trapped upstairs but managed to climb from an upstairs window to the house next door, except for a maidservant who was too frightened to try, who became the first victim. The Great Fire. The section "Aftermath" is based on Reddaway, 27 ff. He took a boat to inspect the destruction around Pudding Lane at close range and describes a "lamentable" fire, "everybody endeavouring to remove their goods, and flinging into the river or bringing them into lighters that lay off; poor people staying in their houses as long as till the very fire touched them, and then running into boats, or clambering from one pair of stairs by the water-side to another." Hanson (2001), 82. Holding on to his civic dignity, he refused James's offer of soldiers and then went home to bed. The King himself joined the fire fighters, passing buckets of water to them in an attempt to quell the flames, but the fire raged on. Public-spirited citizens would be alerted to a dangerous house fire by muffled peals on the church bells, and would congregate hastily to fight the fire. Surging into the streets, the frightened mob fell on any foreigners whom they happened to encounter, and were pushed back into the fields by the Trained Bands, troops of Life Guards, and members of the court. [73], The Great Plague epidemic of 1665 is believed to have killed a sixth of London's inhabitants, or 80,000 people,[74] and it is sometimes suggested that the fire saved lives in the long run by burning down so much unsanitary housing with their rats and their fleas which transmitted the plague, as plague epidemics did not recur in London after the fire. The Great Fire GenreDrama Written byTom Bradby Directed byJon Jones StarringAndrew Buchan Rose Leslie Jack Huston Daniel Mays Perdita Weeks Oliver Jackson-Cohen Charles Dance Nicholas Blane Andrew Tiernan ComposersDan Jones Elizabeth Purnell Country of originUnited Kingdom Original languageEnglish No. Who were the ‘Quake doctors’, how do you cure warts and what was…. The Great Fire at Boston, November 9th and 10th, 1872, Boston Pictorial Archive. The greatest catastrophe in the history of Nantucket was the Great Fire which erupted on July 13, 1846, destroying the entire business district of the town. Contemporary maps record the site as 23 Pudding Lane. Eighty-nine parish churches, the Guildhall, numerous other public buildings, jails, markets and fifty-seven halls were now just burnt-out shells. Compare Hanson (2001), who claims that they had wheels (76), and Tinniswood, who states that they did not (50). Absolute chaos reigned, as often happens today, as thousands of ‘sightseers’ from the villages came to view the disaster. As the fire raged on, people tried to leave the city and poured down to the River Thames in an attempt to escape by boat. True Stories About the Great Fire A movement’s early days as told by those who rose up, those who bore witness, those who grieved, and those who hoped. New public buildings were created on their predecessors' sites; perhaps the most famous is St Paul's Cathedral and its smaller cousins, Christopher Wren's 50 new churches. [48] There was a wave of street violence. [d], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}51°31′N 0°05′W / 51.51°N 0.09°W / 51.51; -0.09, This article is about the 1666 fire of London. He observed a great exodus of carts and pedestrians through the bottleneck City gates, making for the open fields to the north and east, "which for many miles were strewed with moveables of all sorts, and tents erecting to shelter both people and what goods they could get away. Only a few deaths from the fire are officially recorded, and deaths are traditionally believed to have been few. Norman, Derek, Sarah, James, and Dilys go pioneering with Trevor Evans in the forest. There was panic on Wednesday night in the encampments at Parliament Hill, Moorfields, and Islington: a light in the sky over Fleet Street started a story that 50,000 French and Dutch immigrants had risen, and were marching towards Moorfields to murder and pillage. Coordinated firefighting efforts were simultaneously getting underway. The Great Fire quantity. A drama that recalls the Great Fire of London, a four-day blaze that occurred in September 1666. Bloodworth is generally thought to have been appointed to the office of Lord Mayor as a yes man, rather than by possessing requisite capabilities for the job. [31], London possessed advanced fire-fighting technology in the form of fire engines, which had been used in earlier large-scale fires. It’s fair to say that the 1660s was a tough time … Fire Department for the town of Great Barrington and village of Housatonic Wren also rebuilt 52 of the City churches, and his work turned the City of London into the city we recognise today. About the author. During the day, the flames began to move eastward from the neighbourhood of Pudding Lane, straight against the prevailing east wind and towards Pepys's home on Seething Lane and the Tower of London with its gunpowder stores. By law, the tower of every parish church had to hold equipment for these efforts: long ladders, leather buckets, axes, and "firehooks" for pulling down buildings (illustration right; see also pike pole). It was sometime later however that it was realised that he couldn’t have started it, as he was not in England at the time! [9], By the late 17th century, the City proper—the area bounded by the City wall and the River Thames—was only a part of London, covering some 700 acres (2.8 km2; 1.1 sq mi),[10] and home to about 80,000 people, or one sixth of London's inhabitants. Copyright © Historic UK Ltd. Company Registered in England No. However, unlike the useful firehooks, these large pumps had rarely proved flexible or functional enough to make much difference. This provided a source of income for the able-bodied poor, who hired out as porters (sometimes simply making off with the goods), and it was especially profitable for the owners of carts and boats. The swirling winds carried sparks and burning flakes long distances to lodge on thatched roofs and in wooden gutters, causing seemingly unrelated house fires to break out far from their source and giving rise to rumours that fresh fires were being set on purpose. Only some of them had wheels; others were mounted on wheelless sleds. A patent had been granted in 1625 for the fire engines; they were single-acting. The City was essentially medieval in its street plan, an overcrowded warren of narrow, winding, cobbled alleys. The overcrowded and disease ridden streets were destroyed and a new London emerged. [1] The fire gutted the medieval City of London inside the old Roman city wall. The London Gazette just managed to put out its Monday issue before the printer's premises went up in flames. Tinniswood, 44: "He didn't have the experience, the leadership skills or the natural authority to take charge of the situation.". [56] Pepys climbed the steeple of Barking Church, from which he viewed the destroyed City, "the saddest sight of desolation that I ever saw." The garrison at the Tower took matters into their own hands after waiting all day for requested help from James's official firemen, who were busy in the west. The conflagration was much larger now: "the whole City in dreadful flames near the water-side; all the houses from the Bridge, all Thames-street, and upwards towards Cheapside, down to the Three Cranes, were now consumed". The Great Fire is the seventh studio album by American metalcore band Bleeding Through. The fire hazard was well perceived when the top jetties all but met across the narrow alleys—"as it does facilitate a conflagration, so does it also hinder the remedy", wrote one observer. [44], The fire was principally expanding north and west by dawn on Monday, 3 September, the turbulence of the firestorm pushing the flames both farther south and farther north than the day before. In 1668, accusations against the Catholics were added to the inscription on the Monument which read, in part, "Popish frenzy which wrought such horrors, is not yet quenched". John Evelyn, courtier and diarist, wrote: The conflagration was so universal, and the people so astonished, that from the beginning, I know not by what despondency or fate, they hardly stirred to quench it, so that there was nothing heard or seen but crying out and lamentation, running about like distracted creatures without at all attempting to save even their goods, such a strange consternation there was upon them. [66] Abroad in the Netherlands, the Great Fire of London was seen as a divine retribution for Holmes's Bonfire, the burning by the English of a Dutch town during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. [37], When Bloodworth arrived, the flames were consuming the adjoining houses and creeping towards the warehouses and flammable stores on the riverfront. Louis had made an offer to his aunt, the British Queen Henrietta Maria, to send food and whatever goods might be of aid in alleviating the plight of Londoners, yet he made no secret that he regarded "the fire of London as a stroke of good fortune for him " as it reduced the risk of French ships crossing the Channel and the North Sea being taken or sunk by the English fleet. In principle, water was available from a system of elm pipes which supplied 30,000 houses via a high water tower at Cornhill, filled from the river at high tide, and also via a reservoir of Hertfordshire spring water in Islington. 5621230. [45] The spread to the south was mostly halted by the river, but it had torched the houses on London Bridge and was threatening to cross the bridge and endanger the borough of Southwark on the south bank of the river. Fires were common in the crowded wood-built city with its open fireplaces, candles, ovens, and stores of combustibles. By the 4th September half of London was in flames. The Great Chicago Fire of 1871 was the most devastating disaster in the city’s history, killing some 300 people, rendering 90,000 others homeless and destroying more than 17,000 buildings. The typical six- or seven-storey timbered London tenement houses had "jetties" (projecting upper floors). Apart from Wren and Evelyn, it is known that Robert Hooke, Valentine Knight, and Richard Newcourt proposed rebuilding plans. Pepys continued westward on the river to the court at Whitehall, "where people come about me, and did give them an account dismayed them all, and the word was carried into the King. "The plague-ravaged parts—extramural settlements like. Tuesday, the fire spread over nearly the whole City, destroying St. Paul's Cathedral and leaping the River Fleet to threaten Charles II's court at Whitehall. And so evil does its business … The fire spread rapidly, producing tremendous heat. Although he claimed to have extinguished the fire, three hours later at 1am, his house was a blazing inferno. Even in such an emergency, the idea of having the unpopular Royal troops ordered into the City was political dynamite. Pedestrians with handcarts and goods were still on the move away from the fire, heavily weighed down. So I was called for, and did tell the King and Duke of Yorke what I saw, and that unless His Majesty did command houses to be pulled down nothing could stop the fire. The section "17th-century firefighting" is based on Tinniswood, 46–52, and Hanson (2001), 75–78, unless otherwise indicated. It had also pushed outwards beyond the wall into squalid extramural slums such as Shoreditch, Holborn, and Southwark, and had reached far enough to include the independent City of Westminster. It too had little impact. London Bridge was the only physical connection between the City and the south side of the river Thames and was itself covered with houses. Panic began to spread through the city. Order in the streets broke down as rumours arose of suspicious foreigners setting fires. "[18] London was also full of black powder, especially along the river front. The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire by T.F. The Museum of London website claims that there was a connection,[76] while historian Roy Porter points out that the fire left the slum suburbs untouched. The fire arrived hot on the heels of the Great Plague. of episodes4 Production Executive producersLucy Bedford Douglas Rae ProducerGina Cronk Running time50 minutes Production companyEcosse Films DistributorITV Stu… Much of it was left in the homes of private citizens from the days of the English Civil War. During the first couple of days, few people had any notion of fleeing the burning City altogether. An energetic Sussex-based function band playing an eclectic electric playlist from five decades of rock, pop, funk and blues. Andrew Vietze revisits the harrowing night that left half of Portland in ashes. The possible causes of the fire are from three sources namely [b] On this occasion, an unknown number of fire engines were either wheeled or dragged through the streets. The album was released by Rise Records on January 31, 2012. [30] This did not happen, or at least was no longer happening by the time that Pepys viewed the fire from the river at mid-morning on the Sunday. The mood was now so volatile that Charles feared a full-scale London rebellion against the monarchy. Not for the last time would a nation honour its brave fire fighters. A fire started on September 2nd in the King’s bakery in Pudding Lane near London Bridge. The Great Fire of London was a major conflagration that swept through the central parts of London from Sunday, 2 September to Thursday, 6 September 1666. [71][72] Another monument marks the spot where the fire stopped: the Golden Boy of Pye Corner in Smithfield. Charles' brother James, Duke of York, offered the use of the Royal Life Guards to help fight the fire. All quotes from and details involving Samuel Pepys come from his diary entry for the day referred to. The Great Cataclysm (大災害 Daisaigai) is an event that happened two hundred and fifty years before Year 198. Within half an hour, the lead roof was melting, and the books and papers in the crypt were burning. Read Jack Gilbert poem:Love is apart from all things. However, the building was covered in wooden scaffolding, undergoing piecemeal restoration by Christopher Wren. [a] Sometimes taller buildings were levelled quickly and effectively by means of controlled gunpowder explosions. The people of London who had managed to survive the Great Plague in 1665 must have thought that the year 1666 could only be better, and couldn’t possibly be worse! Desire and excitement are nothing beside it. Evelyn believed that he saw as many as "200,000 people of all ranks and stations dispersed, and lying along their heaps of what they could save" in the fields towards Islington and Highgate. The scaffolding caught fire on Tuesday night. It had been noted as a deathtrap in the fire of 1632 and, by dawn on Sunday, these houses were burning. It contained the fire until late afternoon, when the flames leapt across and began to destroy the wide affluent luxury shopping street of Cheapside. Samuel Pepys observed the conflagration from the Tower of London and recorded great concern for friends living on the bridge. The 18-foot (5.5 m) high Roman wall enclosing the City put the fleeing homeless at risk of being shut into the inferno. The houses of the bankers in Lombard Street began to burn on Monday afternoon, prompting a rush to rescue their stacks of gold coins before they melted. Firefighters worked desperately to manoeuvre the engines to the river to fill their tanks, and several of the engines fell into the Thames. [41][42], By Sunday afternoon, 18 hours after the alarm was raised in Pudding Lane, the fire had become a raging firestorm that created its own weather. SKU: 0312423586 Category: Fiction 0312423586 Category: Fiction However, it took some time until the last traces were put out: coal was still burning in cellars two months later. He panicked when faced with a sudden emergency and, when pressed, made the oft-quoted remark, "A woman could piss it out", and left. Efforts to bring the fire under control by using buckets quickly failed. [28][29] It was often possible to open a pipe near a burning building and connect it to a hose to spray on a fire or fill buckets. He recorded in his diary that the eastern gale had turned it into a conflagration. The fire swept through the warren of streets lined with houses, the upper stories of which almost touched across the narrow winding lanes. Overnight, the flourshing city of Chicago was transformed into a smoldering wasteland. The Great Fire of 1871 was one of most colossal disasters in American history. [49] There were also religious alarms of renewed Gunpowder Plots. [5] The social and economic problems created by the disaster were overwhelming. He hoped that the River Fleet would form a natural firebreak, making a stand with his firemen from the Fleet Bridge and down to the Thames. The Great Fire of 1871 was one of most colossal disasters in American history. The damage was so profound that few people believed the city could ever rise again. After his death, it became apparent that he had been on board a ship in the North Sea, and had not arrived in London until two days after the fire started. In its wake, Aldred Leith, an acclaimed hero of the conflict, has spent two years in China at work on an account of world-transforming change there. Charles II encouraged the homeless to move away from London and settle elsewhere, immediately issuing a proclamation that "all Cities and Towns whatsoever shall without any contradiction receive the said distressed persons and permit them the free exercise of their manual trades. [43] The fire pushed towards the City's centre "in a broad, bow-shaped arc".
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