Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) was first described 40 years ago by Adams et al 1 in patients with a clinical triad of ataxia, incontinence, and dementia who also had dilated ventricles but normal CSF pressures.

It’s characterized by walking abnormalities, dementia, and impaired bladder control. Acquired hydrocephalus occurs any time after birth. In vitro infection of human nasopharyngeal cells in organ culture with meningococci or H. influenzae type b results in:. It consists of a long, flexible tube with a valve that keeps fluid from the brain flowing in the right direction and at the proper rate. Breakdown of epithelial cell tight junctions, sloughing of ciliated cells, and ciliostasis via cytotoxicity.

Most cases of bacterial meningitis originate from the host obtaining an infectious agent by nasopharyngeal colonization. A rational basis for the diagnosis and treatment of this disease should rest on an adequate understanding of its underlying pathophysiology. Osteoarthritis is traditionally thought of as a ‘wear and tear’ disease which occurs as we age.However, recent research suggests otherwise.

Pathophysiology. Hydrocephalus is an excess accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricular system resulting in the enlargement of the intracranial cavity. Normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is a neurological disorder that causes dementia. The pathogenesis of OA involves a degradation of cartilage and remodelling of bone due to an active response of chondrocytes in the articular cartilage and the inflammatory cells in the surrounding tissues. Hydrocephalus may also be caused by a genetic disorder. It may occur due to bleeding in the brain, sometimes seen in premature babies or in individuals who have experienced traumatic brain injuries. It may occur if there is a growing mass causing obstruction to the flow …

The most common treatment for hydrocephalus is the surgical insertion of a drainage system, called a shunt. The CSF flow is restricted, and hydrocephalus develops.

Normal-pressure hydrocephalus remains a controversial entity with often ambiguous imaging findings. Brain tumors – In children, brain tumors most commonly occur in the back of the brain which is referred to as the posterior fossa. This occurs from an irregularity in the production and absorption of the fluid which causes an increase in intracranial pressure as the fluid builds up. As a tumor grows, it may fill or compress the fourth ventricle, blocking the flow of CSF and causing hydrocephalus.