A comprehensive, detailed survey of Jewish politics, religion, economics, and society and of Jewish life and achievement, from the second millennium B.C. through the Diaspora, and in the state of Israel A committee was established in April 1915 by British Prime Minister H. H. Asquith to determine their policy towards the Ottoman Empire including Palestine. [191][ab], Referring to his 1922 White Paper, Churchill later wrote that "there is nothing in it to prohibit the ultimate establishment of a Jewish State. Incorporated into Britain's Mandate over Palestine at the war's end by the newly created League of Nations (and thereby guaranteed under or sanctioned by international law . [285] On 12 December, the Ottoman Grand Vizier, Talaat Pasha, gave an interview to the German newspaper Vossische Zeitung[285] that was published on 31 December and subsequently released in the German-Jewish periodical Jüdische Rundschau on 4 January 1918,[286][285] in which he referred to the declaration as "une blague"[285] (a deception) and promised that under Ottoman rule "all justifiable wishes of the Jews in Palestine would be able to find their fulfilment" subject to the absorptive capacity of the country. On the Eastern Front, the fate of one ally, Russia, was uncertain: The Russian Revolution in March had toppled Czar Nicholas II, and the Russian government was struggling against widespread opposition to the country’s disintegrating war effort against Germany and Austria-Hungary. Shortly before I withdrew, Balfour said: "It is curious. O ne-hundred years ago today, the famous—or infamous—"Balfour Declaration" was issued by the government of Great Britain. [g], In late 1915 the British High Commissioner to Egypt, Henry McMahon, exchanged ten letters with Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, in which he promised Hussein to recognize Arab independence "in the limits and boundaries proposed by the Sherif of Mecca" in return for Hussein launching a revolt against the Ottoman Empire. The American Balfour Declaration tells the story of the first official U.S. endorsement of a Jewish home in Palestine. Such a claim in my opinion is clearly inadmissible and personally I do not think we should go further than the original declaration which I made to Lord Rothschild".[175]. The Balfour Declaration was a letter written by British Foreign Secretary Arthur Balfour to Lionel Walter Rothschild, in which he expressed the British government's support for a Jewish homeland in. Advertisement. The Balfour Declaration was a public statement issued by the British Foreign Secretary, Arthur Balfour, on November 2, 1917, in the form of a letter written to Lionel Walter Rothschild. However, we insisted on: national character of Charter, freedom of immigration and internal autonomy, and at the same time full rights of citizenship to [illegible] and Jews in Palestine. [78][81] On 3 March, while Sykes and Picot were still in Petrograd, Lucien Wolf (secretary of the Foreign Conjoint Committee, set up by Jewish organizations to further the interests of foreign Jews) submitted to the Foreign Office, the draft of an assurance (formula) that could be issued by the allies in support of Jewish aspirations: In the event of Palestine coming within the spheres of influence of Great Britain or France at the close of the war, the governments of those powers will not fail to take account of the historic interest that country possesses for the Jewish community. %���� Immediately after came President Wilson's suggestion to Wise not to hold the congress while the war was on, and the opening session was thus postponed from 2 September 1917, until "peace negotiations will be in prospect". Proposed measures to attain that goal included the promotion of Jewish settlement there, the organisation of Jews in the diaspora, the strengthening of Jewish feeling and consciousness, and preparatory steps to attain necessary governmental grants. [aj] In an August 1919 memo Balfour acknowledged the inconsistency among these statements, and further explained that the British had no intention of consulting the existing population of Palestine. We made an equal pledge that we would not turn the Arab off his land or invade his political and social rights". Some historians of the declaration are oblivious of any such problem. [232] Other related events took place within a short timeframe, the two most relevant being the almost immediate British military capture of Palestine and the leaking of the previously secret Sykes-Picot Agreement. According to Weizmann's memoir, the conversation went as follows: "Mr. Balfour, supposing I was to offer you Paris instead of London, would you take it?" © 2021 A&E Television Networks, LLC. The evidence is incontrovertible. [106] Prior to 1917, the British had led the fighting on the southern border of the Ottoman Empire alone, given their neighbouring Egyptian colony and the French preoccupation with the fighting on the Western Front that was taking place on their own soil. On the military side, both Gaza and Jaffa fell within several days, and Jerusalem was surrendered to the British on 9 December. [92] Following two unsuccessful attempts to capture Gaza between 26 March and 19 April, a six-month stalemate in Southern Palestine began;[93] the Sinai and Palestine Campaign would not make any progress into Palestine until 31 October 1917. As against this [? [238] In addition to its publication in major newspapers, leaflets were circulated throughout Jewish communities. [316] A private Cabinet memorandum was produced in January 1923, providing a summary of the then-known Foreign Office and War Cabinet records leading up to the declaration. On August 12, 1918, Grand Vizier Talaat Pasha issued an official Ottoman declaration expressing sympathy "for the establishment of a religious and national Jewish center in Palestine by well- organized immigration and colonization." In October 1917, as British forces . [244][245] It was intended to be a model settlement for future American Jewish activity in Palestine. Found insideThis book examines the development and issuance of the Balfour Declaration, the document that set the stage for the creation of the state of Israel, within its global setting. [x], In July 1914 war broke out in Europe between the Triple Entente (Britain, France, and the Russian Empire) and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, and, later that year, the Ottoman Empire). %&'()*456789:CDEFGHIJSTUVWXYZcdefghijstuvwxyz������������������������������������������������������������������������� [4][5] French influence had grown in Palestine and the wider Middle East, and its role as protector of the Catholic communities began to grow, just as Russian influence had grown as protector of the Eastern Orthodox in the same regions. [239], Weizmann had argued that the declaration would have three effects: it would swing Russia to maintain pressure on Germany's Eastern Front, since Jews had been prominent in the March Revolution of 1917; it would rally the large Jewish community in the United States to press for greater funding for the American war effort, underway since April of that year; and, lastly, that it would undermine German Jewish support for Kaiser Wilhelm II. [343][344][345] The "dual obligation" to the two communities quickly proved to be untenable;[346] the British subsequently concluded that it was impossible for them to pacify the two communities in Palestine by using different messages for different audiences. [246], Herbert Samuel, the Zionist MP whose 1915 memorandum had framed the start of discussions in the British Cabinet, was asked by Lloyd George on 24 April 1920 to act as the first civil governor of British Palestine, replacing the previous military administration that had ruled the area since the war. [xxxviii] According to historian Elizabeth Monroe: "measured by British interests alone, [the declaration was] one of the greatest mistakes in [its] imperial history. [xxiv], The statement that such a homeland would be found "in Palestine" rather than "of Palestine" was also deliberate. [77][259], In 1919, King Hussein refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles. A comprehensive examination of Churchill s complex political, diplomatic, and intellectual response to Zionism" [240], The declaration spurred an unintended and extraordinary increase in the number of adherents of American Zionism; in 1914 the 200 American Zionist societies comprised a total of 7,500 members, which grew to 30,000 members in 600 societies in 1918 and 149,000 members in 1919. [an][250], The local Christian and Muslim community of Palestine, who constituted almost 90% of the population, strongly opposed the declaration. [145], The drafting began with Weizmann's guidance to the Zionist drafting team on its objectives in a letter dated 20 June 1917, one day following his meeting with Rothschild and Balfour. [282] He points to an organized pro-Zionist lobby in the United States, which was active at a time when the country's small Arab American community had little political power. The release of the final declaration was authorised on 31 October; the preceding Cabinet discussion had referenced perceived propaganda benefits amongst the worldwide Jewish community for the Allied war effort. In Palestine, internationalisation was proposed,[76][77] with the form of administration to be confirmed after consultation with both Russia and Hussein;[76] the January draft noted Christian and Muslim interests, and that "members of the Jewish community throughout the world have a conscientious and sentimental interest in the future of the country."[74][78][k]. Stanley Baldwin, replacing Bonar Law, in June 1923 set up a cabinet sub-committee whose terms of reference were: examine Palestine policy afresh and to advise the full Cabinet whether Britain should remain in Palestine and whether if she remained, the pro-Zionist policy should be continued. The Balfour Declaration, the document that set the stage for establishing the state of Israel, was the product of months of wordsmithing and political jockeying. [253] They handed a petition signed by more than 100 notables to Ronald Storrs, the British military governor: We have noticed yesterday a large crowd of Jews carrying banners and over-running the streets shouting words which hurt the feeling and wound the soul. [71] However, less than three weeks earlier the governments of the United Kingdom, France, and Russia secretly concluded the Sykes–Picot Agreement, which Balfour described later as a "wholly new method" for dividing the region, after the 1915 agreement "seems to have been forgotten". ", When asked in 1922 what was meant by the development of the Jewish National Home in Palestine, Churchill replied, "it may be answered that it is not the imposition of a Jewish nationality upon the inhabitants of Palestine as a whole, but the further development of the existing Jewish community ... in order that it may become a centre in which the Jewish people as a whole may take, on grounds of religion and race, an interest and a pride ... that it should know that it is in Palestine as of right and not on sufferance ... that the existence of a Jewish National Home in Palestine should be internationally guaranteed. "[192] And in private, many British officials agreed with the Zionists' interpretation that a state would be established when a Jewish majority was achieved. [89][90], Two days after taking office, Lloyd George told General Robertson, the Chief of the Imperial General Staff, that he wanted a major victory, preferably the capture of Jerusalem, to impress British public opinion,[91] and immediately consulted his War Cabinet about a "further campaign into Palestine when El Arish had been secured. To my mind the Zionists are now the key of the situation-the problem is how are they to be satisfied?...." . "[al][am], The second safeguard clause was a commitment that nothing should be done which might prejudice the rights of the Jewish communities in other countries outside of Palestine. [189] In January 1930, Haidar wrote to a newspaper in Baghdad that Faisal: "finds it exceedingly strange that such a matter is attributed to him as he at no time would consider allowing any foreign nation to share in an Arab country". �w�������,��' �@�z�Y���X� v� �ZX��'�� U�im��I� ��{����� �(G���u� F�H��u�s@бX˷rr;P�=c�s��4�0�:�@PH,�v�
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�� {_�� ��MB]��@������B� ��Bk� 9�D#bs@�NgnDc� .��f�ui2��>��c�]���� c�r�U��Њ �Y�e The 100th anniversary of the Balfour Declaration, on November 2, is turning out to be an important occasion for Palestinians to register their sense of betrayal by Britain for colonial-era promises… Today marks 103 years since the Balfour Declaration of 1917. I answered: "Mr. Balfour, you meet the wrong kind of Jews". engagingly written, adding to our knowledge of this frequently told story without ever taking sides . In the years after World War I, the Jewish population in Palestine increased dramatically, along with the instances of Jewish-Arab violence. Balfour Declaration synonyms, Balfour Declaration pronunciation, Balfour Declaration translation, English dictionary definition of Balfour Declaration. [169] Indeed, the Inquiry spoke positively about the possibility of a Jewish state eventually being created in Palestine if the necessary demographics for this were to exist. [y] A month later, Curzon produced a memorandum[164] circulated on 26 October 1917 where he addressed two questions, the first concerning the meaning of the phrase "a National Home for the Jewish race in Palestine"; he noted that there were different opinions ranging from a fully fledged state to a merely spiritual centre for the Jews. [198], For the document on the Dominions of the British Empire, see. In February 1923, following the change in government, Cavendish, in a lengthy memorandum for the Cabinet, laid the foundation for a secret review of Palestine policy: It would be idle to pretend that the Zionist policy is other than an unpopular one. ", Rovner wrote: "On the afternoon of the fourth day of the Congress a weary Nordau brought three resolutions before the delegates: (1) that the Zionist Organization direct all future settlement efforts solely to Palestine; (2) that the Zionist Organization thank the British government for its offer of an autonomous territory in East Africa; and (3) that only those Jews who declare their allegiance to the Basel Program may become members of the Zionist Organization." Found insideConsidering detailed analysis of four major policy-making episodes between 1920 and 1948, Unexpected State interrogates key Israeli and Palestinian narratives and provides fresh insight into the motives and decisions behind policies that ... [240] The Sharif of Mecca and other Arab leaders considered the declaration a violation of a previous commitment made in the McMahon–Hussein correspondence in exchange for launching the Arab Revolt. �@Ρv|��{PD��\�8�74 �pL�{����� ���
���$�2I=�=;L��#ED���5"H�I��T�!��3�h�}��{��gRG#� f�����NQ�w�F�#���A܊ �u(6D_�>��s ���@�1P˖�b�q*4�"��-��E M��Nls� ��N8�=(�V�B �! '"[202], The declaration did not include any geographical boundaries for Palestine. [273] The French and the Italians made clear their dislike of the "Zionist cast of the Palestinian mandate" and objected especially to language that did not safeguard the "political" rights of non-Jews, accepting Curzon's claim that "in the British language all ordinary rights were included in "civil rights"". The British peer Arthur Balfour barely makes an appearance in UK schoolbooks, but many Israeli and Palestinian students could tell you about . The declaration had many long-lasting consequences. With the 2017 centenary of the 1917 Balfour Declaration, 1 which acknowledged the right of the Jewish people to their national homeland in Palestine, the international community is witnessing a highly orchestrated attempt by the Arab League and the Palestinian leadership to question its legal veracity. Found insideConfusion persists too as to the distinction between anti-Zionism and anti-Semitism. In Legacy of Empire, Gardner Thompson offers a clear-eyed review of political Zionism and Britain's role in shaping the history of Palestine and Israel. The level of detail is incredible and absorbing. He then may or may not have been induced to sign it", since it ran counter to Faisal's other public and private statements at the time. The Russian Army was demoralized. ", Rovner wrote: "In the spring of 1903 the fastidiously dressed sixty-six-year-old secretary was fresh from a trip to British possessions in Africa ... Whatever the genesis of the idea, Chamberlain received Herzl in his office just weeks after the Kishinev pogroms. By mid-1917, Britain and France were mired in a virtual stalemate with Germany on the Western Front, while efforts to defeat Turkey on the Gallipoli Peninsula had failed spectacularly. [151], The agreed version of the declaration, a single sentence of just 67 words,[152] was sent on 2 November 1917 in a short letter from Balfour to Walter Rothschild, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. [153] The term was intentionally used instead of "state" because of opposition to the Zionist program within the British Cabinet. Britain received the mandate for Palestine and Iraq; France gained control of Syria, including present-day Lebanon. In a statement that could . In 1917, the British issued the Balfour Declaration for military and strategic reasons. This book analyses why and how the British took on the Palestine Mandate. ", Gutwein described the impact as follows: "Sykes's approach to the Zionist-radical leadership in early 1917 led to a major transformation in Weizmann's political standing. (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((�� c� ��� And where else could that be but in the land of Palestine, with which for more than three thousand years they have been intimately and profoundly associated? [200][201], This text thereby avoided committing the entirety of Palestine as the National Home of the Jewish people, resulting in controversy in future years over the intended scope, especially the Revisionist Zionism sector, which claimed entirety of Mandatory Palestine and Emirate of Transjordan as Jewish Homeland[147][200] This was clarified by the 1922 Churchill White Paper, which wrote that "the terms of the declaration referred to do not contemplate that Palestine as a whole should be converted into a Jewish National Home, but that such a Home should be founded 'in Palestine. It's not on the coast, but farther inland the climate becomes excellent even for Europeans… [a]nd I thought to myself that would be a land for Dr. [135][136], Following further discussion, a revised – and at just 46 words in length, much shorter – draft declaration was prepared and sent by Lord Rothschild to Balfour on 18 July. Lawrence, whereby they would try to establish a peaceful relationship between Arabs and Jews in Palestine. The declaration took the form of a letter from Balfour to Lord Rothschild, a leader of the Jewish community in England and a representative of the . The elections were held in June, two months after the United States had entered the war; 325,000 voted, 75,000 of whom were from the Zionist workers' camp. The particular draft assented to by the War Cabinet and afterwards by the Allied Governments and by the United States ... and finally embodied in the Mandate, happens to have been drafted by Lord Milner. In February 1919, France issued a statement that it would not oppose putting Palestine under British trusteeship and the formation of a Jewish State. One territorialist claimed that Ussishkin's voting bloc had in fact "buried political Zionism". [45], The British Cabinet first discussed Palestine at a meeting on 9 November 1914, four days after Britain's declaration of war on the Ottoman Empire, of which the Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem – often referred to as Palestine[46] – was a component. �Q��(����4��mS��9�H�F�ƀ2�RUXt� $����|��/����1�� The Balfour Declaration, read closely, does much more than grant the Jews a right to their ancestral home. As we have seen, Zionism itself arose in reaction to anti-Semitic and exclusionary nationalist movements in Europe. At that time Ormsby-Gore, speaking for the government in Commons, said, "The draft as originally put up by Lord Balfour was not the final draft approved by the War Cabinet. While Britain kept control over Palestine, remaining states such as Jordan, Iraq, Lebanon and Syria gained independence. The Jews would have to bring sacrifices and he was prepared to do so. In most narratives, including that of Schneer, Gaster's role in bringing about the declaration has been dealt with dismissively. "[168] At the time, Chamberlain was a Member of Parliament for Ladywood, Birmingham; recalling the event in 1939, just after Chamberlain had approved the 1939 White Paper, the Jewish Telegraph Agency noted that the Prime Minister had "experienced a pronounced change of mind in the 21 years intervening"[172] A year later, on the Declaration's second anniversary, General Jan Smuts said that Britain "would redeem her pledge ... and a great Jewish state would ultimately rise. The "Ottoman Balfour Declaration". The first of these was the indirect peace negotiations which took place between Britain and the Ottomans in December 1917 and January 1918 during a pause in the hostilities for the rainy season;[294] although these peace talks were unsuccessful, archival records suggest that key members of the War Cabinet may have been willing to permit leaving Palestine under nominal Turkish sovereignty as part of an overall deal. [318] The report began by describing the history of the problem, including a detailed summary of the origins of the Balfour Declaration. ", Report of the Palin Commission, August 1920[293], The British policy as stated in the declaration was to face numerous challenges to its implementation in the following years. Found insideThe writings of Jacqueline Shohet Kahanoff (1917–1979) offer a refreshing reassessment of Arab-Jewish relations in the Middle East. A member of the bourgeois Jewish community in Cairo, Kahanoff grew up in a time of coexistence. Dear Lord Rothschild, I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet. But I did in substance say what is quoted though the expression "foundation of a Jewish commonwealth" goes a little further than my idea at that time. The Balfour Declaration was certainly not meant as a tool to aid the growth of the Zionist movement, or to exacerbate communal divisions. It practically comes to a complete realisation of our Zionist programme. [87] In the words of Professor Albert Hourani, founder of the Middle East Centre at St Antony's College, Oxford: "The argument about the interpretation of these agreements is one which is impossible to end, because they were intended to bear more than one interpretation. [281] Professor Lawrence Davidson, of West Chester University, whose research focuses on American relations with the Middle East, argues that President Wilson and Congress ignored democratic values in favour of "biblical romanticism" when they endorsed the declaration. The Balfour Declaration was a letter dated 2 November 1917 from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild, a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland.It read: His Majesty's government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the . [289], In 1922, German anti-Semitic theorist Alfred Rosenberg in his primary contribution to Nazi theory on Zionism,[290] Der Staatsfeindliche Zionismus ("Zionism, the Enemy of the State"), accused German Zionists of working for a German defeat and supporting Britain and the implementation of the Balfour Declaration, in a version of the stab-in-the-back myth. [55], Many further discussions followed, including the initial meetings in 1915–16 between Lloyd George, who had been appointed Minister of Munitions in May 1915,[56] and Weizmann, who was appointed as a scientific advisor to the ministry in September 1915. The task now is to encourage moves towards peace… w !1AQaq"2�B���� #3R�br� Balfour Declaration cleverly used "national home" as opposed to "state" in an attempt confuse international law that had no reference to the former. [xxxiv] But the Zionist organizations had recently succeeded, following a show of force within the American Jewish community, in arranging a Jewish congress to debate the Jewish problem as a whole. "[235] The Zionists had been aware of the outlines of the agreement since April and specifically the part relevant to Palestine, following a meeting between Weizmann and Cecil where Weizmann made very clear his objections to the proposed scheme. 2 0 obj [334][335][336][337][338][339] It has been described as the "original sin" with respect to both Britain's failure in Palestine[340] and for wider events in Palestine. It expressed British support for the creation of a Jewish state in Palestine. The Balfour Declaration (dated 2 November 1917) was a letter from the United Kingdom's Foreign Secretary Arthur James Balfour to Baron Rothschild (Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild), a leader of the British Jewish community, for transmission to the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland. ", Reinharz wrote: "British and French estimates of the balance of power in the American Jewish public were greatly affected by this success in the struggle for a congress. A wholly new method was adopted by France and England, who made with each other in the Sykes–Picot Agreement the rough and ready territorial arrangements already described—arrangements which the Allied and Associated Powers have so far neither explicitly accepted nor explicitly replaced.". The second half of the declaration was added to satisfy opponents of the policy, who had claimed that it would otherwise prejudice the position of the local population of Palestine and encourage antisemitism worldwide by "stamping the Jews as strangers in their native lands". [47] The Chancellor, whose law firm Lloyd George, Roberts and Co had been engaged a decade before by the Zionist Federation of Great Britain and Ireland to work on the Uganda Scheme,[48] was to become Prime Minister by the time of the declaration, and was ultimately responsible for it. See more. The War Cabinet, reviewing this conference on 25 April, "inclined to the view that sooner or later the Sykes-Picot Agreement might have to be reconsidered ... No action should be taken at present in this matter". [167], Treaty expert David Hunter Miller, who was at the conference and subsequently compiled a 22 volume compendium of documents, provides a report of the Intelligence Section of the American Delegation to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 which recommended that "there be established a separate state in Palestine," and that "it will be the policy of the League of Nations to recognize Palestine as a Jewish state, as soon as it is a Jewish state in fact. It was in a letter that the foreign secretary wrote to Lord Walter Rothschild, the leader of the British Jewish community. ", Schneer's conclusion, stated twice in his work, was that: "Because it was unpredictable and characterized by contradictions, deceptions, misinterpretations, and wishful thinking, the lead-up to the Balfour Declaration sowed. His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country. [271], On 25 April 1920, the San Remo conference – an outgrowth of the Paris Peace Conference attended by the prime ministers of Britain, France and Italy, the Japanese Ambassador to France, and the United States Ambassador to Italy – established the basic terms for three League of Nations mandates: a French mandate for Syria, and British mandates for Mesopotamia and Palestine. [77] Hogarth reported that Hussein "would not accept an independent Jewish State in Palestine, nor was I instructed to warn him that such a state was contemplated by Great Britain". 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Issued, Britain was in the mid-1800s help history scholars and general readers of history who interested. Relationship between Arabs and Jews in Palestine is written by D. H. Lawrence Digital with VitalSource oblivious of such! President... read more, the `` primary author '' really was to pre-empt the French. And any reference seems to excite memories of all grievances from Joan of Arc to.... Movement and the print ISBNs are 9781786632470, 1786632470 that is often overlooked in world history.! Were circulated throughout Jewish communities is possible that he believed the English are Jerusalem. Were yet available in the years of the Declaration and Trump & # x27 ; 78GSAS ( House... Of Nations to entrust the United Kingdom with the Palestine Mandate in its..
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